GS- 5

2020

Define, according to your lights, the etymology of the words 'Asam' and 'Asamiya'.
(Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer- The etymology of the words 'Asam' and 'Asamiya' is deeply rooted in the history and culture of the region now known as Assam, located in northeastern India.

Etymology of 'Asam':

1. Historical Origins:
   • The name "Asam" is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit word "Asama," meaning "unequal" or "peerless." This could reflect the unique and diverse nature of the region.
   • Another theory links the name to the Ahoms, a Tai ethnic group that ruled Assam for several centuries. The Ahoms called their kingdom "Asom," which might have evolved into "Assam."
2. Linguistic Roots:
   • The term "Asam" may also have roots in local languages and dialects, where it signifies the geographical and cultural identity of the region.
   • Some scholars suggest that the name "Assam" is derived from the Bodo word "Ha-com," meaning "lowland" or "plain."

Etymology of 'Asamiya':

1. Cultural and Linguistic Connection:
   • 'Asamiya' refers to the people of Assam and their language. It is the endonym used by the Assamese people to describe themselves and their language.
   • The term "Asamiya" comes from "Asam," with the suffix "-iya" indicating belonging or association in many Indo-Aryan languages.
2. Evolution of the Term:
   • The term "Asamiya" has evolved over centuries to describe the inhabitants of the region and their distinct linguistic and cultural identity.
   • It emphasizes the ethnic and cultural continuity of the Assamese people, linking them to their historical roots in the region.

The  words 'Asam' and 'Asamiya' have rich historical, cultural, and linguistic origins that reflect the unique identity of the region and its people. 'Asam' likely has roots in the Sanskrit, local languages, and the name of the Ahom kingdom, while 'Asamiya' denotes the people and language of Assam, emphasizing their cultural heritage and continuity.

2."Assam is a living ethnological museum with its diversity of ethnic communities and their cultural patterns." Illustrate the statement.(Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer - Assam, often described as a living ethnological museum, showcases a vibrant tapestry of diverse ethnic communities and their rich cultural patterns. This statement can be illustrated through several key aspects:

Ethnic Diversity:

Indigenous Tribes:

• Assam is home to numerous indigenous tribes such as the Bodos, Misings, Karbis, Dimasas, Rabhas, and Sonowal Kacharis. Each tribe has its unique language, customs, and traditions.
• The Bodos, one of the largest ethnic groups, have their own Bodo language and script, traditional dances like Bagurumba, and unique festivals such as Bwisagu.

Tea Tribes:

• The tea tribes, brought by the British from central India to work in tea plantations, form a significant part of Assam's population. They have retained their distinct cultural practices, including the vibrant Jhumur dance.

Immigrant Communities:

• Over centuries, various communities have migrated to Assam, including Bengalis, Marwaris, Nepalis, and Muslims. Each community has contributed to the cultural mosaic of Assam, enriching its heritage.

Cultural Patterns:

Festivals:

• Assam's festivals reflect its cultural diversity. Bihu, celebrated by all Assamese, has three forms: Rongali (spring), Bhogali (harvest), and Kongali (autumn). It involves traditional music, dance, and feasting.
• Other tribal festivals include Ali-Ai-Ligang of the Misings, Baishagu of the Bodos, and the Kherai Puja of the Tiwas, each showcasing unique rituals and cultural expressions.

Art and Craft:

• Assam is renowned for its handloom and handicrafts. The Assamese silk, particularly Muga, Eri, and Pat, is famous worldwide. Weaving is an integral part of Assamese culture, especially for tribes like the Mishings and the Rabhas.
• Bamboo and cane crafts are ubiquitous, with different communities excelling in making baskets, furniture, and decorative items.

Music and Dance:

• Traditional Assamese music and dance forms like Bihu dance, Sattriya dance (originating from Vaishnavite monasteries), and tribal dances like Bagurumba and Deodhani reflect the region's cultural richness.
• Folk music, including Borgeet (devotional songs), Zikir (Sufi devotional songs), and Bhatima (heroic ballads), highlight the region's diverse cultural influences.

Linguistic Diversity:

• Assam is linguistically rich, with Assamese being the official language. However, numerous tribal languages like Bodo, Karbi, Mising, and Dimasa are widely spoken, each with its unique linguistic heritage.
• The coexistence of multiple languages, including those of immigrant communities like Bengali, Hindi, and Nepali, further underscores Assam's ethnological diversity.

Traditional Practices and Beliefs:

• Each ethnic community in Assam has distinct traditional practices and beliefs, from agricultural methods to religious rituals.
• The Ahom community, for example, has unique Tai-Ahom rituals and festivals like Me-Dam-Me-Phi, paying homage to ancestors.

Culinary Diversity:

• Assam's cuisine reflects its cultural plurality, with a variety of traditional dishes like Assamese thali, fish tenga, bamboo shoot preparations, and ethnic foods of various tribes.
• The use of local ingredients and traditional cooking methods highlights the region's rich culinary heritage.

Assam's identity as a living ethnological museum is vividly illustrated through its vast ethnic diversity, cultural patterns, festivals, art, music, linguistic variety, traditional practices, and culinary traditions. Each community, with its unique heritage, contributes to the vibrant cultural mosaic that defines Assam.

3."Assamese farmers are organic by default." Elaborate the statement.
(Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer - The statement "Assamese farmers are organic by default" reflects the traditional agricultural practices in Assam, which naturally align with organic farming principles. Historically, Assamese farmers have relied on natural methods for fertilizing and protecting their crops, using organic manure, compost, and green manure instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This minimal use of chemical inputs is a key aspect of organic farming.

Assamese farmers possess deep knowledge of local agro-ecological conditions, utilizing techniques like crop rotation, intercropping, and cover cropping to maintain soil fertility. Traditional rice-fish farming systems exemplify sustainable and integrated practices. Additionally, agroforestry, which involves integrating trees and shrubs into farming systems, supports ecological balance and soil health.

The preservation and use of indigenous seed varieties, which are well-adapted to local conditions and resilient to pests and diseases, is another hallmark of organic farming in Assam. Farmers practice seed saving, promoting genetic diversity and reducing reliance on commercial seeds. Natural pest and weed management methods, such as using biological controls and plant-based repellents, further reduce the need for chemical interventions.

As awareness of organic farming grows, some Assamese farmers are seeking organic certification to meet market demands, supported by government schemes and NGOs. Organic produce from Assam, like its famous tea, has gained recognition nationally and internationally. Thus, the traditional practices of Assamese farmers position them as inherently organic, preserving ecological heritage while adapting to modern market needs.

4. Discuss the importance and scope of agro-based industries in Assam.
(Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer - Agro-based industries hold significant importance and scope in Assam, primarily due to the region's rich agricultural resources and favorable climatic conditions. These industries are vital for the state's economic development, employment generation, and sustainable growth.

Importance:

• Economic Development:
  • Agro-based industries contribute substantially to Assam's GDP by adding value to raw agricultural products through processing, packaging, and marketing.
  • They attract investments and foster the growth of ancillary industries, thereby boosting the overall economic landscape.
• Employment Generation:
  • These industries provide direct and indirect employment opportunities to a large segment of the population, especially in rural areas.
  • They help in reducing rural-urban migration by creating job opportunities within local communities.
• Utilization of Local Resources:
  • Agro-industries leverage Assam's abundant agricultural produce, such as tea, rice, jute, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables.
• They ensure efficient utilization of these resources, reducing waste and improving farmer incomes.

Scope:

• Tea Industry:
  • Assam is renowned globally for its tea, with a well-established industry that offers immense scope for growth in areas like specialty teas, organic teas, and tea tourism.
• Food Processing:
  • There is significant potential in processing fruits, vegetables, spices, and rice, which can cater to both domestic and export markets.
  • Development of cold storage facilities and food parks can further enhance this sector.
• Textile and Handloom:
  • The state has a rich tradition of silk production (Muga, Eri, Pat) and handloom weaving. Modernizing these sectors can increase their market reach and profitability.
• Biofuels and Organic Products:
  • With growing demand for sustainable and organic products, there is potential in biofuels and organic farming, aligning with global environmental trends.

In conclusion, agro-based industries in Assam are crucial for its socio-economic development, offering vast opportunities for growth, employment, and sustainable utilization of local resources.

5. Give an outline of the 'Jibondinga Scheme' of the Government of Assam.
(Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer-The 'Jibondinga Scheme' is an initiative by the Government of Assam designed to improve inland water country boat services in Assam.

The primary objective of the scheme is to provide financial incentives (including, training, technical assistance and insurance) to country boat operators in order to enable them to provide safe, secure and sustainable ferry services in inland waterways by replacement or conversion of the existing in-use semi-mechanized country boats like “BHUTBHUTI”.

Key features include:

• Technical Survey: Assess boats opting for the scheme.
• Registration Simplification: Streamline the registration process and decentralize it to sub-divisional offices.
• Training & Employment: Train operators as per the Inland Vessels Act 1917, create jobs, and empower women.
• Standard Operating Procedures: Implement SOPs at terminals for safety compliance

The Jibondinga Scheme is a transformative initiative that not only bridges the transportation gap in Assam’s riverine regions but also catalyzes socio-economic progress. By ensuring safer and more accessible travel, it empowers marginalized communities, enhances educational opportunities, and stimulates economic growth. Ultimately, it embodies the government's commitment to inclusive development, reinforcing connectivity while uplifting the livelihoods of those who rely on the waterways.

6.  Draw a pen-picture of Dr. Bhupen Hazarika as a cultural icon of the twentieth century Assam.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer- Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, often revered as the "Bard of Brahmaputra," is a legendary figure in Assam and the broader cultural landscape of India. A true polymath, he transcended artistic boundaries to establish himself as a cultural icon of the twentieth century. Renowned as a singer, songwriter, composer, filmmaker, and social reformer, Hazarika used his art to reflect the socio-political ethos of his time.

Born in 1926, Hazarika's musical journey began early and spanned several decades. His distinctive baritone voice, profound lyrics, and compositions seamlessly blended local Assamese folk traditions with contemporary themes. His songs, which spoke of humanity, unity, love, and social justice, resonated with millions. By integrating traditional Assamese tunes with global music, he created a unique style that transcended linguistic and cultural boundaries.

As a filmmaker, Hazarika directed and composed music for numerous Assamese and Hindi films, making significant contributions to regional cinema. He played a crucial role in promoting the vibrant culture and heritage of Northeast India. Iconic works like "Bistirno Parore" and "Manuhe Manuhor Babe" encapsulate the hopes and struggles of the common people, embodying the spirit of the region.

Beyond his contributions to music and film, Dr. Bhupen Hazarika was a unifying figure who advocated for communal harmony and inclusivity. His enduring legacy continues to inspire musicians, artists, and social activists, marking him as a symbol of Assamese identity and a global ambassador for Indian culture.

6. Evaluate the long-term effects of the reforms of Kalicharan Brahma on the Bodo society. (150 words)

Answer- Kalicharan Brahma, a prominent 20th-century social reformer, had a profound impact on Bodo society. His efforts to preserve and promote Bodo culture led to a resurgence in Bodo language, music, and literature, sparking a cultural renaissance that revitalized the community's identity.

Brahma founded the Brahma Dharma, a monotheistic faith that advocated rational thinking and ethical conduct while rejecting superstitious practices. This faith promoted social harmony and addressed societal issues such as alcoholism. He emphasized the importance of education as a means of societal upliftment, which resulted in the establishment of schools in Bodo-dominated areas and improved literacy rates.

Brahma's advocacy for gender equality and the abolition of child marriage and polygamy granted women greater rights and participation in society. Additionally, he instilled a strong sense of unity and identity among the Bodos, laying the foundation for future political movements seeking autonomy and rights. His vision continues to inspire leaders and organizations dedicated to the socio-political empowerment of the Bodo community.

Overall, Brahma's reforms brought about significant cultural, social, and educational changes that continue to resonate, shaping Bodo society towards greater inclusivity, awareness, and progress.

7. Write a brief account of the literary achievement of any one of the following authors:
(Answer in 150 words) 10

(a) Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya profoundly influenced the Assamese literary sphere as the editor of the historic literary journal “Ramdhenu” during the 1960s. His stewardship of this journal marked a significant era in Assamese literature, fondly remembered as the “Ramdhenu Era”.

Bhattacharya was the first Assamese writer who was honored with the prestigious Jnanpith Award in 1979 for his novel "Mritunjay," which vividly portrays Assam during the pre-independence era. This novel is acclaimed for its deep narrative and intricate portrayal of societal struggles.

In 1961, Bhattacharya received the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel "Iyaruingam," which explores the life and tribulations of the Tankhrool Naga tribes. His debut novel "Rajpathe Ringiyae" (1957) is celebrated for its unique narrative that spans a single day. Bhattacharya's oeuvre includes other notable works such as "Aai" (1958), "Shataghni" (1964), "Pratipad," "Ranga Megh," "Daaini," and "Ballari." He also penned collections like "Kolong Aajiu Boi" and "Satsori."

His contributions extended beyond novels; he wrote poems featured in "Jayanti" magazine and served as the President of Assam Sahitya Sabha from 1983 to 1985. His work "Love in the Time of Insurgency" was translated posthumously in 2005, bringing his narratives to a broader audience. Through his writings, Bhattacharya has left an indelible mark on Assamese and Indian literature, portraying complex social issues with profound empathy and insight.

(b) Indira Goswami (Mamoni Raisom Goswami)
(c) Nilmani Phookan

8. Discuss the steps taken by the Government of Assam in the realm of gender equality in recent years.
   (Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer- In recent years, the Government of Assam has implemented several measures to promote gender equality, addressing issues related to women’s empowerment, education, health, and safety.

1. Women’s Empowerment Schemes: The Assam government has launched numerous schemes aimed at economic empowerment. Initiatives like the ‘Kanaklata Mahila Sabalikaran Yojana’ focus on providing financial assistance and skill development training to women, promoting entrepreneurship and self-employment.
2. Education Initiatives: To ensure girls’ education, the government has introduced schemes such as ‘Dhan Laxmi,’ which provides financial incentives to families to encourage the education of girl children. Additionally, free textbooks, uniforms, and bicycles are provided to girl students to facilitate their education and reduce dropout rates.
3. Health Programs: The ‘Mamata’ scheme and ‘Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana’ (PMMVY) aim to improve maternal health by providing financial assistance to pregnant and lactating mothers, ensuring they receive adequate nutrition and healthcare. The government has also enhanced the infrastructure of health facilities to offer better services to women.
4. Safety and Security Measures: The Assam government has strengthened law enforcement to protect women’s safety. Initiatives like the establishment of women’s police stations and helplines (181) have been introduced to address and prevent violence against women. Additionally, awareness campaigns are regularly conducted to educate the public about gender-based violence and the legal protections available to women.
5. Political Participation: To enhance women’s participation in governance, the Assam government has reserved 50% of seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). This move aims to empower women at the grassroots level, ensuring their representation in decision-making processes.

Overall, these measures reflect Assam's commitment to achieving gender equality and empowering women across various sectors.

10. Give a brief account of the traditions of folk and classical dances of Assam.
    (Answer in 150 words) 10

Answer- Assam boasts a rich tradition of folk and classical dances that reflect its vibrant cultural heritage. From the exuberant Bihu dance to the devotional Sattriya dance, these forms celebrate the state's spirit, mythology, and communal harmony.

Folk Dances:

• Bihu Dance: The most popular and vibrant folk dance, associated with the spring festival of Rongali Bihu. Young men and women, adorned in traditional attire, perform this energetic dance accompanied by the ‘dhol’ (drum) and ‘banhi’ (flute), celebrating fertility and joy.
• Jhumur Dance: Popular among the tea tribes of Assam, this dance features rhythmic footwork and synchronized group movements. Performers often link arms and move in harmony, celebrating community spirit.
• Deodhani Dance: Performed during the worship of the snake goddess Manasa, this dance involves invoking deities through vigorous and trance-like movements.
• Bagurumba: Practiced by the Bodo community, this dance mimics the beauty of nature, with dancers imitating birds and butterflies.

Classical Dances:

• Sattriya Dance: A classical dance form originally performed by monks in the Vaishnavite monasteries or Sattras, founded by the saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardev. It incorporates storytelling, devotion, and graceful body movements to depict mythological tales and religious themes.

Together, Assam's folk and classical dances capture the essence of the state's diverse traditions, fostering unity and celebrating its cultural identity. These art forms continue to thrive, preserving Assam's rich legacy for generations to come.

11. Give a thumbnail sketch of the early history of Kamarupa with special reference to the Varman dynasty.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer - Kamarupa, an ancient kingdom located in present-day Assam and surrounding regions, was one of the earliest political entities in northeastern India. The Varman dynasty, which ruled Kamarupa from around the 4th to 7th centuries CE, played a crucial role in shaping the region's history. Here's an overview:

Origins and Establishment: The Varman dynasty was established by King Pushyavarman in the early 4th century CE. Pushyavarman likely established control over the Brahmaputra Valley and began consolidating his influence, marking the emergence of Kamarupa as a significant regional power.

Expansion and Flourishing: Successive kings expanded the kingdom, bringing various indigenous tribes under their control and extending their influence into present-day Bengal and Bhutan. King Bhaskaravarman, the most prominent ruler of the dynasty, fostered diplomatic and cultural ties with Harshavardhana of northern India, elevating Kamarupa's status as an influential polity. During Bhaskaravarman's reign, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang visited the kingdom, providing valuable historical insights.

The Varman rulers maintained Hinduism as the state religion and promoted the Sanskrit language. They sponsored temple construction and were instrumental in shaping Kamarupa's socio-cultural and religious landscape, which had strong Hindu and tribal influences. They also established an administrative framework that balanced local governance with centralized control.

Decline: By the 7th century CE, the Varman dynasty faced increasing pressure from external forces and internal dissent, leading to its decline. The Mlechchha dynasty, led by Salasthambha, succeeded the Varmans and continued to rule Kamarupa until the 10th century.

Overall, the Varman dynasty laid a strong foundation for the later history of Kamarupa, contributing significantly to the region's cultural richness and political organization.

12. Write a brief essay on the Asamiya Buranji literature of Assam.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer- Asamiya Buranji literature represents a unique and vital aspect of Assam's literary heritage. Originating in the Ahom kingdom, the Buranjis are chronicles written in the Asamiya language, documenting historical events, royal genealogies, administrative records, and cultural practices. The term "Buranji" is derived from the Tai-Ahom language, meaning "a storehouse of knowledge."

The tradition of writing Buranjis began in the 13th century with the advent of the Ahom dynasty, founded by Sukaphaa in 1228. These chronicles were initially written in the Tai-Ahom language and later in Assamese, reflecting the gradual assimilation of the Ahoms into the local culture. Buranjis served not only as historical records but also as administrative manuals, guiding governance and legal procedures.

The Buranjis are categorized into two types: official and private. Official Buranjis were commissioned by the state and documented significant political, military, and administrative events. Private Buranjis were written by individuals, often focusing on local histories, family genealogies, and personal experiences.

One of the most notable Buranjis is the "Deodhai Asom Buranji," an official chronicle providing a detailed account of the Ahom kings, their reigns, and significant events. Other prominent Buranjis include the "Kamarupa Buranji" and "Tripura Buranji," which extend the historical narrative to neighboring regions and interactions.

The Asamiya Buranjis are characterized by their chronological precision, detailed descriptions, and narrative style. They offer invaluable insights into the socio-political, cultural, and economic aspects of Assam over several centuries. The Buranjis also reflect the syncretic culture of Assam, blending indigenous traditions with influences from the Ahoms and other neighboring regions.

In conclusion, Asamiya Buranji literature is a cornerstone of Assamese historiography, preserving the rich tapestry of Assam's past. These chronicles continue to be a crucial resource for historians and scholars, shedding light on the region's diverse and dynamic history.

13. Discuss the landmarks of the freedom struggle in Assam from 1921 to 1947.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer - The freedom struggle in Assam from 1921 to 1947 was marked by significant events and contributions that played a crucial role in India's fight for independence. Here are some key landmarks:

Non-Cooperation Movement (1921-1922): Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation, the movement saw active participation from Assam. Prominent leaders like Tarun Ram Phookan, Nabin Chandra Bordoloi, and Ambikagiri Raichoudhury led the masses in boycotting British institutions and goods. This period also witnessed the rise of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (APCC).

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): Assamese leaders and the public responded enthusiastically to Gandhi’s call for civil disobedience. Notable events include the Salt Satyagraha at Dhubri and the subsequent arrests of leaders like Gopinath Bordoloi and Nabin Chandra Bordoloi. The movement rekindled the spirit of defiance against colonial rule in Assam.

Quit India Movement (1942): The Quit India Movement marked a significant phase in Assam's freedom struggle. Under the leadership of Gopinath Bordoloi, Assam saw widespread protests, strikes, and acts of sabotage. Despite severe repression by the British authorities, the movement maintained its momentum, with leaders like Bishnuram Medhi and Md. Tayebulla playing key roles.

Role of Women: Women in Assam actively participated in the freedom struggle. Figures like Kanaklata Barua and Pushpalata Das emerged as symbols of resistance. Kanaklata Barua, in particular, became a martyr during the Quit India Movement when she was shot while leading a procession to hoist the Indian flag.

Independence and Partition (1947): As India approached independence, Assam faced the challenge of communal tensions and the effects of Partition. Leaders like Gopinath Bordoloi worked tirelessly to ensure Assam remained a part of India and to manage the influx of refugees.

In conclusion, the freedom struggle in Assam from 1921 to 1947 was characterized by a series of pivotal movements and contributions from dedicated leaders and the general populace. These efforts collectively played a significant role in India’s eventual independence from British rule.

14.  Illustrate how physiography of a region affects economic activities with reference to the physiographic units of Assam.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer- The diverse physiography of Assam significantly shapes its economic activities, with three primary physiographic units: the Brahmaputra Valley, the Barak Valley, and the hill regions.

Brahmaputra Valley: The Brahmaputra Valley, with its fertile alluvial plains, is Assam's agricultural heartland. The annual flooding of the Brahmaputra River enriches the soil, making it ideal for cultivating rice, tea, and jute—key economic staples. Tea plantations flourish here, establishing Assam as one of the largest tea producers globally. The abundant water resources also support fishing, which is vital for many local communities.

Barak Valley: Located in southern Assam, the Barak Valley is another important agricultural zone. Like the Brahmaputra Valley, its fertile soils are suitable for rice and jute cultivation. The valley's climate and soil conditions also support extensive tea gardens. The Barak River aids in irrigation and fishing activities, bolstering the region's economy.

Hill Regions: The hill regions, including Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills, present a different economic landscape. The hilly terrain and forest cover limit large-scale agriculture but support diverse activities like horticulture, animal husbandry, and forestry. The region is rich in timber and non-timber forest products, which are economically significant. Additionally, the hills contain limestone and coal deposits, facilitating mining activities.

Tourism also plays a vital role in the hill regions, with their scenic beauty attracting visitors. Adventure tourism, including trekking and wildlife tours, is increasingly popular, contributing to the local economy.

In conclusion, Assam's physiographic diversity distinctly shapes its economic activities. The fertile plains of the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys predominantly support agriculture and tea production, while the hilly regions focus on forestry, mining, and tourism. Understanding this geographical influence is crucial for planning and optimizing the state's economic development.

15. "Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)." Comment on the progress made in Assam in this regard.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer- Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and Assam has made notable progress in this regard.

Affordable and Reliable Energy: The Government of Assam has implemented several initiatives to ensure affordable and reliable energy access. The Saubhagya Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana) has been pivotal in providing electricity to rural households, significantly increasing the state's electrification rate. The Assam Power Distribution Company Limited (APDCL) has been instrumental in upgrading infrastructure, reducing transmission losses, and improving the reliability of power supply.

Sustainable Energy: Assam is actively promoting sustainable energy sources. The state has substantial potential for solar energy, and various solar power projects have been initiated. The Assam Solar Energy Policy aims to achieve a considerable share of the energy mix from renewables. Additionally, initiatives like solar lantern distribution and the installation of solar-powered irrigation pumps are enhancing energy access in remote areas.

Modern Energy: Modern energy access has seen improvements with the implementation of schemes like UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All), which promotes energy-efficient lighting. The state is also focusing on expanding the use of clean cooking fuels through schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, which provides LPG connections to households, reducing dependence on traditional biomass fuels.

Challenges and Future Prospects: Despite progress, challenges remain, such as ensuring consistent energy supply in remote areas and integrating more renewable energy into the grid. The state government is addressing these issues through continued investment in infrastructure and policy support for renewable energy development.

In conclusion, Assam has made significant strides in providing affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy. These efforts are crucial for achieving SDGs, promoting economic development, and improving the quality of life for its residents. Continued focus on renewable energy and infrastructure improvements will further enhance energy access in the state.

16.  Discuss the salient features of the renewed 'Swami Vivekananda Assam Youth Empowerment Scheme'.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer- The renewed Swami Vivekananda Assam Youth Empowerment (SVAYEM) Scheme, launched by the Government of Assam, is a significant initiative designed to promote youth entrepreneurship and empower the state's young population. This scheme is a key component of broader efforts to foster economic development and self-reliance among Assam's youth. Here are the salient features of the renewed SVAYEM Scheme:

Objective and Scope:

• The scheme aims to generate employment opportunities in both rural and urban areas by supporting the establishment of new ventures and the growth of existing ones.
• It provides financial assistance to micro and small business entities in the manufacturing, trading, and services sectors.
• Additionally, it offers financial aid to enhance the income levels of traditional artisans, ensuring sustainable growth.

Financial Assistance:

• Each selected beneficiary receives financial assistance of up to ₹50,000. This amount is intended to cover initial investments and working capital requirements for various entrepreneurial activities.

Eligibility:

• The scheme is open to individuals aged between 18 and 40 years who are permanent residents of Assam. Applicants must have passed at least the 7th standard.
• Preference is given to those involved in traditional crafts and trades.

Diverse Sectors:

• SVAYEM supports a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, trading, and services. This flexibility allows youth to choose fields aligned with their skills and interests, promoting a diversified economic base.

Institutional and Implementing Arrangement:

• The Industries and Commerce Department serves as the nodal department, with the District Industries and Commerce Centre (DICC) implementing the scheme at the field level.
• All public sector, private sector, and Regional Rural Banks act as lending agencies and will execute a formal MOU to outline the implementation modalities of the scheme.

Overall, the renewed SVAYEM Scheme represents a comprehensive approach to youth empowerment in Assam. By providing financial aid, training, and support, it aims to cultivate a new generation of entrepreneurs, driving economic progress and self-sufficiency in the region.

17.  Critically discuss the constitution and functioning of the Assam State Human Rights Commission.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer- The Assam State Human Rights Commission (ASHRC) was established to safeguard and promote human rights within the state. Its constitution and functioning reflect its mandate to address violations and foster a culture of respect for human rights.

Constitution: The ASHRC was constituted under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It typically comprises a Chairperson, who must be a former Chief Justice or Judge of a High Court, and two members with expertise in human rights. The appointments are made by the Governor of Assam based on recommendations from a committee that includes the Chief Minister, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, the Home Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly.

Functioning: The ASHRC is empowered to inquire into complaints of human rights violations either suo motu or based on petitions filed by individuals or groups. It can also intervene in court proceedings involving human rights issues, review constitutional and legal safeguards, recommend necessary measures for their effective implementation, and undertake research and awareness programs.

Despite its significant mandate, the ASHRC faces several challenges:

1. Limited Resources: The Commission often struggles with inadequate funding and staffing, hampering its ability to effectively investigate and address complaints.
2. Enforcement Power: While the ASHRC can recommend actions, it lacks the authority to enforce its recommendations, relying on the state government to act on them. This can lead to delays or non-implementation of critical recommendations.
3. Awareness and Accessibility: Many citizens remain unaware of the ASHRC's role and functions, limiting its reach. Additionally, logistical and bureaucratic hurdles can make it difficult for marginalized individuals to access the Commission's services.

The ASHRC plays a crucial role in protecting human rights in Assam. However, to enhance its effectiveness, there is a need for increased resources, greater enforcement power, and improved public awareness. Strengthening these areas would enable the Commission to fulfill its mandate more robustly and contribute significantly to the protection and promotion of human rights in the state.

18. Suggest measures to make tourism a key driver of economic growth in Assam.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer - To transform tourism into a key driver of economic growth in Assam, a multifaceted approach encompassing infrastructure, promotion, sustainability, and community involvement is essential.

• Infrastructure Development: Improving connectivity through better roads, enhanced railway networks, and increased flight services to and from Assam is vital. Upgrading accommodation facilities, tourist amenities, and digital infrastructure will make the state more accessible and appealing to tourists.
• Promotion of Unique Cultural Heritage: Assam's rich cultural tapestry, including festivals like Bihu, traditional crafts, music, dance, and cuisine, should be actively promoted through targeted marketing campaigns. Leveraging digital marketing, social media influencers, and participation in international tourism fairs can significantly boost visibility and attract global tourists.
• Eco-Tourism and Wildlife: Assam's lush landscapes and biodiversity, with attractions like Kaziranga National Park and Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, are ideal for eco-tourism. Promoting these sites as eco-friendly destinations while ensuring sustainable practices can draw nature enthusiasts. Encouraging responsible tourism practices will help preserve these natural assets.
• Adventure and Sports Tourism: The state’s diverse topography offers ample opportunities for adventure sports like river rafting, trekking, and mountaineering. Developing necessary infrastructure and promoting these activities can attract adventure seekers, contributing to economic growth.
• Tea Tourism: Assam's world-renowned tea gardens can be leveraged to develop tea tourism. Offering experiences such as tea tasting, plantation tours, and stays in heritage bungalows can provide unique attractions, drawing both domestic and international tourists.
• Cultural and Heritage Circuits: Creating thematic tourism circuits connecting historical sites, temples, and cultural landmarks can offer tourists a comprehensive and immersive experience, enriching their understanding of Assam’s heritage.
• Skill Development and Community Involvement: Training local communities in hospitality and tourism management can enhance service quality and create employment opportunities. Community-based tourism initiatives ensure locals benefit directly, fostering inclusive growth.
• Safety and Security: Ensuring tourist safety through effective law enforcement and tourist-friendly policies will build trust and enhance Assam's reputation as a safe destination.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Encouraging investment through PPP models can provide the necessary funds and expertise for large-scale tourism projects. This collaboration can lead to sustainable development and growth in the tourism sector.
• Policy Support and Incentives: Government policies that offer incentives, tax benefits, and streamlined processes for tourism-related businesses can stimulate sector growth. Establishing a tourism development board to oversee and coordinate these efforts can ensure effective implementation and monitoring.

By integrating these measures, Assam can leverage its natural beauty, cultural richness, and unique experiences to become a leading tourist destination, driving significant economic growth and development in the region.

19. Discuss the genesis and working practices of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer - The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India provides for the administration of tribal areas in the northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. Its genesis and working practices aim to protect the rights and preserve the distinct cultures of indigenous tribal communities in these regions.

Genesis

The genesis of the Sixth Schedule can be traced back to the British colonial period when the Government of India Act, 1935, provided special administrative provisions for certain tribal areas. Post-independence, during the drafting of the Indian Constitution, the Constituent Assembly recognized the unique socio-cultural and political needs of the tribal areas in the northeastern region. As a result, the Sixth Schedule was incorporated into the Constitution to ensure self-governance and protect the rights of these tribal communities.

Working Practices

The Sixth Schedule establishes autonomous district councils (ADCs) and regional councils (RCs) to administer the tribal areas. The key features and working practices are:

• Autonomous District Councils (ADCs): Each tribal area is governed by an ADC, which has legislative, executive, and judicial powers. These councils are elected bodies and have the authority to make laws on various subjects, including land, forests, water resources, agriculture, village administration, and more. The ADCs can also establish village councils and courts to adjudicate local disputes.
• Regional Councils (RCs): In areas where there is a significant presence of different tribal communities, RCs can be formed. These councils function similarly to ADCs but cater to the specific needs of their respective communities.
• Legislative Powers: The ADCs and RCs have the power to legislate on matters listed in the Sixth Schedule. These laws require the Governor's assent to come into force. The councils can regulate land use, manage natural resources, and oversee local administration and development activities.
• Executive Functions: The councils have executive authority over subjects they legislate. They can implement development programs, manage public services, and maintain law and order in their jurisdictions.
• Judicial Powers: ADCs can set up courts to try cases related to customary laws and practices. These courts can adjudicate civil and criminal matters involving tribal communities, thus ensuring that justice is administered according to local customs and traditions.
• Financial Autonomy: The councils have the authority to levy and collect taxes within their jurisdictions. They also receive grants and funds from the state and central governments to carry out developmental activities.
• Role of the Governor: The Governor of the state has special responsibilities concerning the Sixth Schedule areas. The Governor acts as a mediator between the state government and the ADCs/RCs, ensuring that the councils' laws and actions are in harmony with the Constitution and national interests.

The Sixth Schedule aims to provide self-governance to tribal communities, preserving their cultural identity while ensuring their socio-economic development. Through ADCs and RCs, it empowers tribal areas with legislative, executive, and judicial autonomy, fostering inclusive governance and protecting the unique heritage of the northeastern tribal regions.

20. Discuss the importance of tea industry in the economy of Assam.
    (Answer in 250 words) 15

Answer-  The tea industry is a cornerstone of Assam's economy, playing a pivotal role in the state's socio-economic landscape. Here are the key aspects highlighting its importance:

Economic Contribution

1. Employment Generation: The tea industry is one of the largest employers in Assam, providing direct employment to over a million people, including a significant number of women. This employment spans various roles, from tea pluckers to factory workers, contributing to the livelihoods of many families.
2. Revenue Generation: Assam's tea industry contributes substantially to the state's revenue through taxes, excise duties, and export earnings. The industry also attracts significant investment, both domestic and international, boosting the state's economy.
3. Exports and Foreign Exchange: Assam tea is globally renowned for its rich flavor and strong liquor. The state exports a substantial portion of its tea production, earning valuable foreign exchange. This export activity not only supports the local economy but also enhances India's trade balance.

Socio-Cultural Impact

1. Cultural Identity: Tea is an integral part of Assam's cultural heritage. The sprawling tea gardens and the lifestyle associated with them are iconic symbols of the state. Festivals and events centered around tea cultivation and harvest are significant cultural markers.
2. Social Development: The tea industry has contributed to social infrastructure in the state. Many tea estates provide housing, healthcare, and education facilities to their workers, improving their quality of life. This, in turn, helps in social upliftment and development of rural areas.

Economic Diversification and Stability

1. Agricultural Backbone: As a predominantly agricultural state, Assam relies heavily on tea cultivation. The tea industry provides a stable source of income for many farmers and cultivators, contributing to agricultural diversification and resilience.
2. Industrial Growth: The presence of the tea industry has spurred the growth of ancillary industries such as packaging, transportation, and marketing. This creates a ripple effect, promoting overall industrial growth in the region.

Environmental and Ecological Impact

1. Sustainable Practices: The tea industry in Assam is increasingly adopting sustainable agricultural practices. These practices not only help in preserving the environment but also ensure the long-term viability of tea cultivation.
2. Green Cover: Tea plantations contribute to the state's green cover, helping in maintaining ecological balance. The tea gardens act as carbon sinks, contributing to climate change mitigation.

Challenges and Future Prospects

1. Climate Change: The tea industry faces challenges due to changing climatic conditions, which can affect yield and quality. Addressing these issues through research and adaptation strategies is crucial for sustaining the industry.
2. Market Competition: Assam tea faces competition from other tea-producing regions. Enhancing quality, branding, and marketing strategies can help Assam maintain its competitive edge.
3. Innovation and Value Addition: There is potential for innovation in the tea industry, such as developing new varieties, organic tea, and value-added products like tea-based beverages. Promoting tea tourism can also provide additional revenue streams.

The tea industry is not just an economic asset for Assam; it is deeply interwoven with the state's cultural, social, and environmental fabric. Its importance in providing employment, generating revenue, and fostering social development underscores its critical role in the state's overall growth and prosperity. Ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of the tea industry is vital for Assam's future economic health.