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General Studies III - 250 Marks

(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)

1.  
2. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
   • Planning- Definition and importance.
   • Types - Imperative, indicative, structural.
   • Objectives and History in India- Goals and evolution.
   • Techniques and Outcomes- Methods, achievements, failures.
   • Shortcomings and Comparison- Weaknesses; NITI Aayog vs. Planning Commission.

Mobilization of Resources- 

• Types and Need- Financial, human, natural resources; importance of mobilization.
• Savings and Investment- Key roles in resource mobilization.
• Government Resources- Tax and non-tax revenues; fiscal and monetary policy.
• Banking and NBFCs- Contributions of banking sector and non-banking financial companies.
• Capital Market- Role in mobilizing resources.
• External Sources- Foreign direct investment (FDI), official development assistance (ODA).
• Public Borrowing and Debt Management- Public borrowing strategies; managing public debt.
• Challenges and Solutions- Difficulties in resource mobilization; potential steps for improvement.
  • Definitions and Differences- Meaning of development and growth; differences.

Growth and Development

• Determinants and Importance- Factors; significance of growth.
• Growth Types and Development Dimensions- Jobless, pro-poor, balanced, unbalanced growth; development dimensions.
• Measurement and Approaches- Indicators, market-based, state-planned, mixed economy approaches.
• Challenges- Issues hindering growth and development.

Employment

• Nature and Terms- Rural vs. urban, formal vs. informal; key terms.
• Sectoral Distribution and Quality- Employment across sectors; quality.
• Causes and Workforce Restructuring- Unemployment causes; restructuring.
• Government Initiatives- Programs for employment generation.

1. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.- 

• Definition and Elements
• Need and Indicators
• Challenges in achieving inclusive growth in India
• 12^th FYP & Inclusive Growth

1. Government Budgeting.

• Need: Economic management and resource allocation.
• Components: Revenue (receipts, expenditure), Capital (receipts, expenditure).
• 2017 Changes: Updated budget process.
• Deficit Measures: Revenue, fiscal, primary deficits.
• Fiscal Policy: Strategies for managing the economy.
• Deficit Reduction: FRBM Act compliance.
• Other Budgets: Outcome, zero-based budgets.

1. Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
   • Types: Monocropping, multiple cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping.
   • Major cropping patterns in various parts of the country- 
   • Importance: Ensures efficient land use and maximizes yield.

• Reasons for Differences: Climate, soil, water availability, market demand.
• Influencing Factors: Economic policies, technological advancements, socio-economic conditions.
• Emerging Trends: Organic farming, precision agriculture, diversification.
• Long-Run Effects: Soil health, sustainability, food security, economic impact.

Different types of irrigation and irrigation system shortage- 

• Modes of Irrigation: Surface, sprinkler, drip irrigation.
• Sources of Irrigation: Rivers, wells, canals, tanks.
• Choosing an Irrigation System: Based on crop type, soil, water availability.
• Problems: Waterlogging, salinity, unequal distribution.
• Progress Under Five Year Plans: Expansion and modernization of irrigation infrastructure.
• Environmental Effects: Depletion of water resources, soil degradation, biodiversity loss.
• Need for Reforms: Efficient water use, sustainable practices, equitable distribution.
• National Water Policy: Integrated management, conservation, and equitable water distribution
•  
• Transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints

1. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices- Public Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.

• Agricultural Pricing Policy: Ensures fair prices for farmers and consumers, stabilizing the agricultural market.
• Rationale for Subsidies: Support farmers' income,  boost productivity, ensure food security.
• Types of Subsidies: Input, price support, export.
• Effectiveness & Problems: Stabilizes income, market distortions, dependency.
• WTO Clash: Domestic subsidies conflict with international trade rules.
•  
• Public Distribution System
• PDS Significance: Ensures food security, supports low-income households.
• Functioning: Includes Fair Price Shops, FCI, ration cards, Aadhar linking.
• Shortcomings: Inefficiency, leakages, corruption.
• Improvement Needs: Enhance efficiency, transparency.
• Government Measures: Technology integration, better monitoring, direct benefit transfers.

Issues of Buffer stocks and food security

• Buffer Stock – Objectives & Norms in India
• Impact of Government Procurement & Distribution
• Need for Food Security
• NFSM And othe Food Security Related Government Initiatives
•  
• Economies of Animal Rearing, 

1. Food processing and related industries in India - scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.

• Scope & Significance: Boosts income, reduces losses, supports rural development
• Location: Near raw materials and markets.
• Challenges: Inefficient supply chain, regulatory issues.
• Policies: SAMPADA, 12th FYP initiatives.

1. Land reforms in India.

• Equitable distribution
• Poverty reduction
• Increased agricultural productivity
• Redistribution, tenancy reforms, consolidation, abolition of intermediaries
• Better livelihoods, higher output, reduced inequalities
• Bureaucratic hurdles, resistance, funding
• Regional variation, some significant, some limited
• Land leasing policies, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act

1. Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
2. Phases of Liberalisation, 
3. Impact of different sectors of the economy
4. Advantages and Disadvantages
5.  
6. Changes in Industrial Policy & their Effects on Industrial Growth-
7. Infrastructure:
8. Energy,
9. Ports, 
10. Roads,
    Airports,
    Railways
11.  

Investment Models

• Public investment
• Private investment
• Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)
• Sector-specific models
• Cluster-based models –

1. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

1. Indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

• IT & Computers
• Space
• Nanotechnology
• Biotechnology
• Robotics
• Defence
• Nuclear

1. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nanotechnology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

• IT advancements and applications
• Space technology developments
• Computer technology and innovations
• Robotics and automation
• Nanotechnology uses and implications
• Biotechnology and its impact
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues and protections

Conservation, Environmental Pollution, and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment

• Environmental protection strategies
• Pollution sources and mitigation
• Ecosystem degradation
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes

Disaster and Disaster Management with Emphasis on Assam

• Types of disasters
• Disaster response and recovery
• Risk reduction strategies
• Assam-specific disaster management

Linkages Between Development and Spread of Extremism

• Impact of development on extremism
• Socioeconomic factors contributing to extremism
• Case studies and examples

Role of External State and Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security

• Influence of foreign governments and organizations
• Terrorism and insurgency funding
• Cyber threats and espionage

Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks

• Cybersecurity threats and measures
• Social media's role in security challenges
• Preventing money laundering

Security Challenges and Their Management in Border Areas

• Border security issues
• Organized crime and terrorism links
• Assam-specific border security

Various Security Forces and Agencies and Their Mandate

• Roles of different security forces
• Coordination among agencies
• Mandates and operational strategies